ASSIGNMENT
Topic :
ReferenceMaterials:
Encyclopedia,Magazines,Newsletters,Journals
Submitted
By: Vidya .S
Submitted
By: Mrs. Radha
Submitted
On : 23/06/2014
INDEX
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Sl no
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Content
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Page no
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1
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Introduction
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1
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2
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Content
development
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2-14
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3
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Conclusion
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15
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4
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Reference
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16
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INTRODUCTION
In comparison, a reference material or reference-only book in a library is one that may only be used in the
library and not borrowed from the library. Many such books are reference works which
are usually used only briefly or photocopied from, and therefore do not need to
be borrowed. Keeping them in the library assures that they will always be
available for use on demand. Other reference-only books are books that are too
valuable to permit borrowers to take them out. Reference-only items may be
shelved in a reference collection located separately from circulating items. Some libraries consist entirely
or to a large extent of books which may not be borrowed; these include national
libraries and many special libraries.Main characters of reference materials are
Non-Circulating : Reference books cannot
be checked out of the library, Quick
Facts: Reference books are not read straight through, like novels; you usually
simply “refer” to them when you need quick, basic information Overview:
Reference books provide a quick introduction to your topic, a brief overview;
these overviews are especially helpful when you begin researching a topic you
don’t know much about Bibliographies, Cross References .Because discussions on
topics in Reference Books are not in-depth, entries include suggestions to
review related articles within the book itself and citations to other related,
in-depth sources .Specific Arrangement: Reference books are organized in very
specific ways, depending on the type of book. For example, chronologies are
arranged by date, dictionaries are arranged in alphabetical order by word and
encyclopedias are arranged in alphabetical order by subject
The term “reference material” refers to
published works that you use in the preparation of your own reports, theses, etc. Ideally, if you are
going to draw conclusions based on a work, it needs to report interesting
information, be factually correct, and draw defensible conclusions from its
facts. If the work represents new research, that research must have been carried
out using appropriately rigorous techniques. In other words,the work must be valid.
Content Development
Encyclopedia
An encyclopedia or
encyclopaedia or is a type of reference work or holding
a comprehensive summary of information from either all branches of knowledge or a particular branch of
knowledge. Encyclopedias are divided into articles or entries, which are
usually accessed alphabetically by article name. Encyclopedia
entries are longer and more detailed than those in most dictionaries. Generally speaking, unlike dictionary
entries, which focus on linguistic information about words, encyclopedia articles
focus on factual information to cover the thing or
concept for which the article name stands.
Encyclopedias have existed for around 2,000
years; the oldest still in existence, Naturalis Historia, was written in ca. AD 77 by Pliny the Elder. The modern encyclopedia evolved out of
dictionaries around the 17th century. Historically, some encyclopedias were
contained in one volume, but some, such as
the Encyclopædia
Britannica,
the Enciclopedia
Italiana (62
volumes, 56.000 pages) or the world's largest Enciclopedia universal ilustrada europeo-americana (118 volumes, 105.000
pages), became huge multi-volume works. Some modern encyclopedias, such as Wikipedia, are electronic and are often freely
available.
ETYMOLOGY
The word encyclopedia comes from the Koine
Greek transliterated enkyklios paideia, meaning "general
education" from enkyklios, meaning "circular, recurrent,
required regularly, general" and paidei, meaning "education,
rearing of a child" it was reduced to a single word due to an error
by copyists of Latin manuscripts. Together, the phrase literally
translates as "complete instruction" or "complete
knowledge".
Indeed,
the purpose of an encyclopedia is to collect knowledge disseminated around the
globe; to set forth its general system to the men with whom we live, and
transmit it to those who will come after us, so that the work of preceding
centuries will not become useless to the centuries to come; and so that our
offspring, becoming better instructed, will at the same time become more
virtuous and happy, and that we should not die without having rendered a
service to the human race in the future years to come.
CHARACTERISTICS
The
modern encyclopedia was developed from the dictionary in the 18th century. Historically, both encyclopedias
and dictionaries have been researched and written by well-educated,
well-informed content experts,
but they are significantly different in structure. A dictionary is a linguistic
work which primarily focuses on alphabetical listing of words and their definitions. Synonymous words
and those related by the subject matter are to be found scattered around the
dictionary, giving no obvious place for in-depth treatment. Thus, a dictionary
typically provides limited information, analysis or background for the word defined. While it may offer
a definition, it may leave the reader lacking in understanding the meaning, significance or limitations of a term, and how the term relates to a broader field of knowledge.
An encyclopedia is, allegedly, not written in order to convince, although one
of its goals is indeed to convince its reader about its own veracity. In the
terms of Aristotle's Modes of persuasion,
a dictionary should persuade the reader through logos (conveying only appropriate emotions); it will be
expected to have a lack of pathos (it should not stir up irrelevant emotions), and to
have little those except that of the dictionary itself.
To address
those needs, an encyclopedia article is typically non linguistic, and covers not
a word, but a subject or discipline. As well as defining and listing synonymous terms for the
topic, the article is able to treat it in more depth and convey the most
relevant accumulated knowledge on that subject. An encyclopedia article also
often includes many maps and illustrations, as well as bibliography and statistics.
Four major
elements define an encyclopedia: its subject matter, its scope, its method of
organization, and its method of production:
·
Encyclopedias can be general,
containing articles on topics in every field (the English-language Encyclopædia
Britannica and German Brockhaus are well-known examples). General encyclopedias often
contain guides on how to do a variety of things, as well as embedded
dictionaries and gazetteers. There
are also encyclopedias that cover a wide variety of topics but from a
particular cultural, ethnic, or national perspective, such as the Great Soviet Encyclopedia or Encyclopaedia Judaica.
·
Works of encyclopedic scope aim to
convey the important accumulated knowledge for their subject domain, such as an
encyclopedia of medicine, philosophy, or law.
Works vary in the breadth of material and the depth of discussion, depending on
the target audience.
(For example, the Medical
encyclopedia produced by A.D.A.M., Inc. for
the U.S.National Institutes of Health.)
·
Some systematic method of
organization is essential to making an encyclopedia usable as a work of
reference. There have historically been two main methods of organizing printed
encyclopedias: the alphabetical method
(consisting of a number of separate articles, organized in alphabetical order),
or organization by hierarchical categories.
The former method is today the most common by far, especially for general
works. The fluidity of electronic media, however, allows new possibilities for
multiple methods of organization of the same content. Further, electronic media
offer previously unimaginable capabilities for search, indexing and cross
reference. The epigraph from Horace on the title page of the 18th century Encyclopedia suggests
the importance of the structure of an encyclopedia: "What grace may be added
to commonplace matters by the power of order and connection."
·
As modern multimedia and the
information age have evolved, they have had an ever-increasing effect on the
collection, verification, summation, and presentation of information of all
kinds. Projects such as Everything2, Encarta, h2g2, and Wikipedia are examples of new forms of the
encyclopedia as information retrieval becomes simpler.
Some works entitled
"dictionaries" are actually similar to encyclopedias, especially
those concerned with a particular field (such as the Dictionary of
the Middle Ages,
the Dictionary
of American Naval Fighting Ships, and Black's Law Dictionary). The Macquarie Dictionary, Australia's national
dictionary, became an encyclopedic dictionary after its first
edition in recognition of the use of proper nouns in common communication, and
the words derived from such proper nouns.
There are some broad differences between
encyclopedias and dictionaries. Most noticeably, encyclopedia articles are
longer, fuller and more thorough than entries in most general-purpose
dictionaries. There are differences in content as well. Generally
speaking, dictionaries provide linguistic information about words themselves,
while encyclopedias focus more on the thing for which those words
stand. Thus, while dictionary entries are inextricably fixed to the word
described, encyclopedia articles can be given a different entry name. As such,
dictionary entries are not fully translatable into other languages, but
encyclopedia articles can be.
In practice, however, the distinction is not
concrete, as there is no clear-cut difference between factual,
"encyclopedic" information and linguistic information such as appears
in dictionaries. Thus encyclopedias may contain material that is also found in
dictionaries, and vice versa. In particular, dictionary entries often contain
factual information about the thing named by the word.
HISTORY
Encyclopedias
have progressed from the beginning of history in written form, through medieval
and modern times in print, and most recently, displayed on computer and
distributed via computer networks.
Ancient times
Naturalis History, 1669 edition, title page
One of the
earliest encyclopedic works to have survived to modern times is the Naturalis Historia of Pliny
the Elder, a Roman statesman living in the 1st century AD. He compiled a
work of 37 chapters covering natural history, architecture, medicine,
geography, geology, and all aspects of the world around him. He stated in the
preface that he had compiled 20,000 facts from 2000 works by over 200 authors,
and added many others from his own experience. The work was published around AD
77-79, although he probably never finished proofing the work before his death
in the eruption of Vesuvius in
AD 79.
Middle Ages
Saint Isidore of Seville, one of the greatest scholars of the early Middle Ages, is
widely recognized as being the author of the first known encyclopedia of the
Middle Ages, the Etymologiae or Origines (around
630), in which he compiled a sizable portion of the learning available at his
time, both ancient and modern. The encyclopedia has 448 chapters in 20 volumes,
and is valuable because of the quotes and fragments of texts by other authors
that would have been lost had they not been collected by Saint Isidore.
The
most popular encyclopedia of the Carolingian Age was the De universo or De rerum
naturis by Rabanus
Maurus, written about 830, which was based
on Etymologiae.
The early Muslim compilations of
knowledge in the Middle Ages included
many comprehensive works. Around year 960, the Brethren of Purity of Basra were engaged in their Encyclopedia of the
Brethren of Purity. Notable works include Abu
Bakr al-Razi's encyclopedia of science,
the Mutazilite Al-Kindi's prolific output of 270 books, and Ibn
Sina's medical encyclopedia, which was a
standard reference work for centuries. Also notable are works of universal
history (or sociology) from Asharites, al-Tabri, al-Masudi, Tabari's History of the
Prophets and Kings, Ibn
Rustah, al-Athir, and Ibn
Khaldun, whose Muqadimmahcontains cautions regarding trust in written records that
remain wholly applicable today.
The
enormous encyclopedic work in China of the Four Great Books of Song, compiled by the 11th century AD during the early Song
Dynasty (960–1279), was a massive
literary undertaking for the time. The last encyclopedia of the four, the Prime Tortoise of
the Record Bureau, amounted to 9.4 million Chinese characters in
1,000 written volumes.
Renenaissance
Anatomy in Margarita Philosophica,
1565
These
works were all hand copied and thus rarely available, beyond wealthy patrons or
monastic men of learning: they were expensive and usually written for those
extending knowledge rather than those using it.
During Renaissance the creation of printing allowed a wider diffusion of encyclopedias and every
scholar could have his or her own copy. The De expetendis et fugiendis
rebus by Giorgio Valla was posthumously printed in 1501 by Aldo
Manuzio in Venice. This work followed the traditional scheme of liberal arts.
However, Valla added the translation of ancient Greek works on mathematics
(firstly by Archimedes),
newly discovered and translated. The Margarita Philosophica by Gregor
Reisch, printed in 1503, was a complete
encyclopedia explaining the seven liberal arts.
The
term encyclopaedia was coined by 16th century humanists who misread copies of
their texts of Pliny and Quintilian, and combined the two Greek words "enkyklios
paideia" into one word, The phrase enkyklios paideia was used by
Plutarch and the Latin word Encyclopedia came from him.
The
first work titled in this way was the Encyclopedia orbisque doctrinarum,
hoc est omnium artium, scientiarum, ipsius philosophiae index ac
divisio written by Johannes Aventinus in
1517.
The
English physician and philosopher, Sir Thomas
Browne used the word 'encyclopaedia'
in 1646 in the preface to
the reader to define his Pseudodoxia Epidemica, a major work of the 17th-century scientific revolution.
Browne structured his encyclopaedia upon the time-honoured schemata of the
Renaissance, the so-called 'scale of creation' which ascends through the
mineral, vegetable, animal, human, planetary and cosmological
worlds. Pseudodoxia Epidemica was a European best-seller, translated
into French, Dutch and German as well as Latin it went through no less than
five editions, each revised and augmented, the last edition appearing in 1672.
18th–19th
centuries
The
beginnings of the modern idea of the general-purpose, widely distributed
printed encyclopedia precede the 18th century encyclopedists. However, Chambers' Cyclopedia,
or Universal Dictionary of Arts and Sciences (1728),
and the Encyclopedia of Denis
Diderot and Jean le Rond d'Alembert (1751 onwards), as well as Encyclopædia Britannica and the Conversations-Lexikon, were the first to realize the form we would recognize
today, with a comprehensive scope of topics, discussed in depth and organized
in an accessible, systematic method. Chambers, in 1728, followed the earlier
lead of John Harris's Lexicon
Technicum of 1704 and later editions this work was by its title and content "A
Universal English Dictionary of Arts and Sciences: Explaining not only the
Terms of Art, but the Arts Themselves".
During
the 19th and early 20th century, many smaller or less developed languages saw
their first encyclopedias, using French, German, and English role models. While
encyclopedias in larger languages, having large markets that could support a
large editorial staff, churned out new 20-volume works in a few years and new
editions with brief intervals, such publication plans often spanned a decade or
more in smaller language.
20th century
1913 advertisement for Encyclopædia
Britannica, the
oldest and one of the largest contemporary English encyclopedias
Popular
and affordable encyclopedias such as Harmsworth's
Universal Encyclopaedia and
the Children's
Encyclopaedia appeared
in the early 1920s.
In
the United States, the 1950s and 1960s saw the introduction of several large
popular encyclopedias, often sold on installment plans. The best known of these
were World Book and Funk and Wagnalls.
The
second half of the 20th century also saw the proliferation of specialized
encyclopedias that compiled topics in specific fields. This trend has
continued. Encyclopedias of at least one volume in size now exist for most if
not all academic disciplines, including such narrow topics such
as bioethics and African American
history.
By
the late 20th century, encyclopedias were being published on CD-ROMs for use with personal
computers. Microsoft’s Encarta, launched in 1993, was a landmark example
as it had no printed equivalent. Articles were supplemented with both video and
audio files as well as numerous high-quality images. After sixteen years,
Microsoft discontinued the Encarta line of products in 2009.[23]
21st century
In
the early 21st century, Jimmy
Wales and Larry
Sanger launched Wikipedia, a collaboratively edited, multilingual, open-source,
free Internet encyclopedia
that is supported by the non-profit Wikimedia Foundation.
MAGAZINES
Magazines are publications, usua vidhya slly periodical publications, that are printed or published. (The online versions are called online
magazines.) They are generally published on a
regular schedule and contain a variety of content. They are generally financed by advertising, by a purchase
price, by prepaid subscriptions, or a combination of the three. At its root,
the word "magazine" refers to a collection or storage location. In
the case of written publication, it is a collection of written articles. (This
explains why magazine publications share the word root with gunpowder magazines, artillery magazines, firearms magazines,
and (in various languages although not English) retail stores such as department
stores.In the library technical sense, a
"magazine" paginates with each issue starting at page one. Academic
or professional publications that are not peer-reviewed are
generally professional magazines
The
earliest example of magazines was Erbauliche Monaths
Unterredungen which was launched in 1663
in Germany. It was a literary and philosophy magazine. The Gentleman's Magazine, first published in 1731, in London, is considered to have been the first general-interest
magazine. Edward Cave,
who edited The Gentleman's Magazine under the pen name "Sylvanus
Urban", was the first to use the term "magazine," on the analogy
of a military storehouse of varied materiel, ultimately derived from
the Arabic makhazin ("storehouses") by way of the
French language. Wordsmith offers this origin: "Plural of Arabic
makhzan: storehouse, used figuratively as "storehouse of information"
for books, and later to periodicals."
The
oldest consumer magazine still in print is The Scots Magazine,
which was first published in 1739, though multiple changes in ownership and
gaps in publication totaling over 90 years weaken that claim. Lloyd's
List was founded in Edward Lloyd’s
England coffee shop in 1734; it is still published as a daily business
newspaper.
In
2011, 152 magazines ceased operations and in 2012, 82 magazines were closed
down
NEWS
LETTERS
A newsletter is
a regularly distributed publication that is generally about one main topic of interest to its subscribers. Newspapers and leaflets are types of newsletters. For example, newsletters are
distributed at schools to inform parents about things that happen in that
school.
TYPES
Newsletters are published by clubs, churches, societies,
associations, and businesses—especially companies—to provide
information of interest to members, customers, or employees. A newsletter may
be considered 'grey literature". Newsletters delivered electronically via email (e-Newsletters) have gained rapid acceptance for
the same reasons email in general has gained popularity over printed
correspondence
PURPOSES
Some newsletters are created as money-making
ventures and sold directly to subscribers. Sending newsletters to customers and
prospects is a common marketing strategy, which can have benefits and
drawbacks. Public organisations emit newsletters in order to improve or
maintain their reputation in the society. General attributes of newsletters
include news and upcoming events of the related organization, as well as
contact information.
JOURNALS
·
many
publications issued at stated intervals, such as magazines, or scholarly
journals, academic journals, or the record
of the transactions of a society, are often called journals.[1]Although journal
is sometimes used as a synonym for "magazine" in academic use, a
journal refers to a serious, scholarly publication that is peer-reviewed. A
non-scholarly magazine written for an educated audience about an industry or an
area of professional activity is usually called a professional
magazine.
The word "journalist", for one whose
business is writing for the public press and nowadays also other media, has
been in use since the end of the 17th century.
CONCLUSION
The following guide tells you why you need to use a referencing system, shows you how to insert references in the text of your assignments, and shows you how to compile a reference list. While there are many variations on the ‘Harvard’ system, the one presented in this guide is the most simple. It does away with most usages of ‘p’ and ‘pp’ to signify page numbers and it replaces some of the commas with colons. Also, this guide is by no means an exhaustive list of all the referencing conventions that you will require in your academic life. As a part of an academic community, it is important that you show the reader where you have used someone else’s ideas or words. Failure to properly reference using the Harvard system may make the reader think that you are cheating by claiming someone else’s work as your own. In the academic environment, we call this plagiarism and it is seen as a very serious offence. Please remember that plagiarism is not just when you directly copy words from another student’s or expert’s work. Plagiarism also occurs when you re-word someone else’s ideas in your own work and you do not give credit to the original source.
Plagiarism can have disastrous consequences for students. If you are suspected of plagiarism you may find that your assignment receives a grade of zero. In extreme or repeated cases, you may find that your enrolment at the university is reviewed. For further information, please consult section 3 of the student handbook.
On a more positive note, referencing is important for reasons other than avoiding plagiarism. When you reference correctly you are demonstrating that you have read widely on a topic. You are also supporting your hypothesis with comments from expert authors. This lends credibility to your own work. Also, by correctly referencing, you allow the marker or reader to follow-up your references and to check the validity of your arguments for themselves. This is an important part of the academic process as it leads to student accountability.
REFERENCES
4. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/encyclopedia
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